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Most instrumentation will have a transducer of some form. This could
be a temperature sensor, light sensor, tachometer, accelerometer, microphone,
ultrasonic transducer, etc. etc.
The transducer will convert the original energy into an electrical form.
This may then be suitable for direct connection to the microcontroller
or may need some further conversion first.
Conversion
The information from the transducer will often have to pass through an
Analogue to Digital Converter before the microcontroller can use it. In
these instances we will usually suggest a microcontroller with a built
in A/D converter to save on cost, circuit complexity, parts count and
reliability.
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